The culture of
Indonesia has been shaped by long interaction between original
indigenous customs and multiple foreign Influences. Indonesia is
centrally-located along ancient trading routes between the far east and the
middle east , resulting in many cultural
practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of religions , Including
Hinduism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam and Christianity , all strong in the
major trading cities. The result is a complex
cultural mixture very different from the original indigenous cultures.
Examples of cultural fusion include the fusion of
Islam with Hindu in Javanese Abangan belief, the fusion of Hinduism, Buddhism
and animism in bodha , and the fusion of Hinduism and animism in Kaharingan ;
others could be cited.
Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms , while Islamic art forms and architecture are present in Sumatra, especially in the Minagkabau and Aceh regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called Pencak Silat.
Western culture has greatly influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, movies and music, as well as political system and issues. India has Notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut , roomates is Often mixed with Arab and Malay folk music.
Despite the Influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous etnic groups Mentawai , Asmat , Dani , Dayak , Toraja and many others are still practicing their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes.
Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms , while Islamic art forms and architecture are present in Sumatra, especially in the Minagkabau and Aceh regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called Pencak Silat.
Western culture has greatly influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, movies and music, as well as political system and issues. India has Notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut , roomates is Often mixed with Arab and Malay folk music.
Despite the Influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous etnic groups Mentawai , Asmat , Dani , Dayak , Toraja and many others are still practicing their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes.
Martial
Art
Main articles: Silat and Pencak
Silat
Pencak Silat demonstration in Jakarta.
The art of silat was created and
firstly developed in the islands of Java
and Sumatra . It is an art for survival and practiced throughout Indonesian
archipelago. Centuries of tribal wars in Indonesian history had shaped silat as
it was used by the ancient warriors of Indonesia. Silat was used to Determine
the rank and position in old Indonesian Kingdoms.
Contacts with Indians and Chinese was further enriched silat. Silat
reached areas beyond Indonesia mainly through diaspora of Indonesian people.
People from various regions like Aceh , Minangkabau , Riau , Bugis , Makassar ,
Java , etc. moved into and settled in Malay Peninsula and other islands. They
brought silat and passed it down to their descendants. The Indonesian of
half-dutch descent are also credited as
the first to brought the art into Europe.
Silat was used by Indonesian freedom
fighters during their struggle against the Dutch colonists. Unfortunately after
Indonesia Achieving their independence, silat Became less popular among
Indonesian youth compare to foreign martial arts like Karate and Taekwondo. Because this probably silat was not taught
openly and only passed down among blood relatives, the other reason is the lack
of media portrayal of the art.
Efforts have been made in recent
years to introduce and reintroduce the beauty of silat to Indonesian youth and
the world. Exhibitions and promotions by individuals as well as state-sponsored
groups helped the growing of silat's popularity, particularly in Europe and United
States. Indonesian 2009 Silat movie Merantau is one of Indonesian Efforts to
introduce silat to international scene.
Another martial art from Indonesia
is Tarung Degrees. It is a modern combat system created by Haji Ahmad Drajat
based on his experience as a street fighter. Drajat fighting has been
acknowledge as a national sport by KONI in 1998 and is now used by Indonesian
Army as part of their basic training.
Crafts
Several Indonesian islands are
famous for their batik , ikat , and songket cloth. Once on the brink of
disappearing, batik and later ikat found a new lease of life when former
President Suharto Promoted wearing batik
shirts on official occasions. In addition to the traditional patterns with
their special meanings, used for particular occasions, batik designs have
Become creative and diverse over the last few years.
Other worldwide famous Indonesian
crafts are Jepara wood carving and Kris.
In 2005, the UNESCO Kris Recognized as one of Masterpiece of the Oral and
Intangible Heritage ofHumanity from Indonesia.
Cuisine
Main article: Indonesian cuisine
In 2011 an online poll by 35,000
people held by CNN International chose Rendang as the number one dish of their
'World's 50 Most Delicious Foods' list.
Nasi goreng (fried rice), one of the most popular Indonesian dishes.
Soto and Satay, together with Nasi Goreng are
Considered as Indonesian national dishes.
The cuisine of Indonesia has been
influenced by Chinese culture and Indian
culture, as well as by Western culture. However in return, Indonesian cuisine
has also Contributed to the cuisines of neighboring countries, Notably Malaysia
and Singapore, where Padang or Minangkabau cuisine from West Sumatra is very
popular. Also Satay (Sate in Indonesia ), roomates originated from Java,
Madura, and Sumatra, has Gained popularity as a street vendor food from
Singapore to Thailand. In the 15th century, both the Portuguese and Arab traders
arrived in Indonesia with the intention of trading for pepper and other spices.
During the colonial era, immigrants from many different countries have arrived
in Indonesia and brought different cultures as well as cuisines.
Most native Indonesians eat rice as
the main dish, with a wide range of vegetables and meat as side dishes.
However, in some parts of the country, such as Irian Jaya and Ambon, the
majority of the people eat sago (a type of tapioca) and sweet potato.
The most important aspect of modern
Indonesia cuisine is that food must be halal, conforming to Islamic food laws. Haraam
, the opposite of halal, includes pork and alcoholic drinks. However, in some
regions where there is significant non-Muslim population, non-halal food are
also commonly served.
Indonesian dishes are usually spicy,
using a wide range of chili peppers and spices. The most popular dishes includenasi
goring (fried rice), satay , Nasi Padang (a dish of Minangkabau ) and soy-based dishes, such as tofu
and tempe. A unique characteristic of some Indonesian food is the application
of spicy peanut sauce in their dishes, as a dressing for Gado-gado or Karedok
(Indonesian style salad), or for seasoning grilled chicken satay. Another
unique aspect of Indonesian cuisine is using shrimp paste or belacan,
a pungent shrimp paste in dishes of sambal Oelek (hot pungent chili
sauce). The sprinkling of fried shallots also gives a unique crisp texture to
some Indonesian dishes.
Chinese and Indian cultures have
influenced the serving of food and the types of spices used. It is very common
to find Chinese food in Indonesia such as Dim Sum as well as noodles , and
Indian cuisine such as Tandoori chicken. In addition, Western culture has
Contributed Significantly to the extensive range of dishes. However, the dishes
have been transformed to suit Indonesian people's tastes. For example, steaks
are usually served with rice. Popular fast foods such as Kentucky Fried Chicken
are served with rice instead of bread, and sambal (spicy sauce) instead of
ketchup. Some Indonesian foods have been Adopted by the Dutch, like Indonesia
rice table or 'rijsttafel'.
Architecture
Main article: Indonesia architecture
Minangkabau House Tower
For centuries, the Indonesian
vernacular architecture has shaped settlements in Indonesia roomates commonly
took the form of timber structures built on stilts dominated by large roof. The
most dominant foreign Influences on Indonesia architecture were Indian , although
European Influences have been particularly strong since the 19th century and
modern architecture in Indonesia is international in scope.
As in much of South East Asia , traditional vernacular
architecture in Indonesia are built on stilts, with the significant exceptions
of Java and Bali. Notable stilt houses are those of the Dayak people in Borneo,
the Tower House of the Minangkabau people in western Sumatra, the Batak people
in northern Sumatra, and the Tongkonan of the Torja people in Sulawesi.
Oversized saddle roofs with large eaves, such as the homes of the Batak and the
tongkonan of Toraja, are Often bigger than the house they shelter.
Torajan the fronts of houses are frequently decorated with buffalo horns,
stacked one above another, as an indication of status. The outside walls also
frequently feature decorative reliefs.
The 8th-century Borobudur temple
near Yogyakarta is the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and is notable for
incorporating about 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues into its
structure, telling the story of the life of the Buddha. As the visitor ascends
through the eight levels of the temple, the story unfolds, the final three
levels simply containing stupas and statues of the Buddha. The building is said
to incorporate a map of the Buddhist cosmos and is a Masterful fusion of the
didactic narrative reliefs, Spiritual Symbolism, monumental design and the
serene meditative environs. The whole monument itself resembles a giant stupa,
but seen from above it forms a mandala.
The nearby 9th-century temple
complex at Prambanan contains some of the best preserved examples of Hindu temple architecture in Java. The temple
complex comprises eight play shrines, surrounded by 224 smaller shrines. The
Indian influence on the site is clear, not only in the style of the monument,
but also in the reliefs featuring scenes from the Ramayana roomates adorn the
outer walls of the main temples, and in the votive statuary found within.
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